1) why might her parents not visit her?
We isolate patients for lots of reasons. Infection is one. A very compromised immune system is another (see: the boy who lived in a bubble).
Another, less common reason is because they're radioactive. Now, some patients are more radioactive than others. One day, me and the other young female doctors got stopped from going into a room to see a patient who was radioactive while our older male colleagues went ahead and looked at us, completely bemused. The reason being, if any of us were pregnant, it would cause harm to the foetus.
But other patients are radioactive enough (after radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid cancer, for example) that they have to live in a lead-lined room for a while.
So maybe the doctor says that they're going to be using some type of radioactive treatment, and for that, she needs to be isolated. In fact, maybe the whole facility is so radioactive that it needs to be in the desert to protect the people around!
The same would go for, say, a highly contagious virus. We use viruses to carry medications for us sometimes, so maybe they say they're planning on using a special engineered virus to treat her.
2) How do doctors talk about poo and puke?
With waaaaay too little hesitation. It plays havoc with your social life.
Here are some stock phrases that we use:
"Have the bowels moved today?"
"How many bowel motions do you typically have a day?"
"Are they very loose? Do you get diarrhoea? Watery or just frequent?"
"Any blood or mucus in your stool?"
"Are your stools very fatty? Smelly? Difficult to flush?"
"Ever pass any tarry black stool?" (A sign of upper GI bleeding)
"When you vomit is it just water? Food? Any blood?"
"Bright red blood or coffee-grounds kind of stuff?"
"Is it projectile vomiting?" (especially for babies)
The fact is, we have literally no qualms about talking about this kind of stuff with people. You get used to it very quickly, it's very matter-of-fact, and there's very specific information we need to know.
We tend not to use words like rectum and anus, instead we refer to "the back passage" as it actually comes off a lot softer than "anus". Bowel motion/stool for poo - we quantify how big it was and how runny/solid it was using a fun invention called the "Bristol Stool Chart". Vomit we tend to talk about the amount, if they feel nauseous (not everyone who vomits is also nauseous) and if there was any blood in it (a very serious sign). Then we'll talk about abdo pain/discomfort, bloating, appetite, weight loss.
So the questions that you have there are absolutely perfect, I've just given you a few more ideas. You have really done your research so good job
But yeah. Maybe get another perspective on how gross the general public thinks it is talking about stool consistency
Regarding being worried that people will laugh at you, I don't think they would, because anybody mature knows that digestive issues can be as devastating as anything else.
And if you don't think that flatus can make for serious art, remember that Daniel Radcliffe was literally just in a movie where he played a powerfully flatulent corpse. Strange art? Yes. But art nonetheless.
Regarding your worries about racism, I wouldn't get too bogged down in that - the neo-Nazi sentiment your villain expresses is clearly seen as wrong, and Phe is the Austrian, not Dr Mann (although if I were being very cautious, I do think Dr Mann sounds like a quite German name). The people who hate Nazis most these days are Germans, in my experience. What's more important as well is that Dr Mann's beliefs don't involve race, only disability and illness, and that makes a difference when you're concerned about how to write about race.
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