Articles are words like "the", "a", and "an". They are generally the most common words in a language, although not every language has them or uses them in the same way English does. Other languages have a grammatical gender, such as assigning each noun either a feminine gender or a masculine gender. As such, these languages have more articles to apply to different genders.
Fortunately, Ido has no grammatical gender, like in English. Because of this, Ido also only has one way of saying "the", which is "la". It comes before nouns, and it will always appear as "la". Even easier, Ido has no equivalent of "a/an"! "Libro" means "book" or "a book", depending on context. If you're worried context won't make it clear, you can say "onu libro" which literally means "one book", and will make clear that you mean a single specific book as opposed to the general concept of books.
Another ever important component of speech are personal and possessive pronouns. The personal pronouns are as follows:
me - I, me
tu - you, but only used when referring to one person with whom you are on a familiar basis with
vu - you, but only used when referring to one person whom you respect and are formal with
ilu or il - he, him
elu or el - she, her
olu or ol - it
lu - he, she or it
ni - we, us
vi - you, but used to refer to a large group of people, similar to "you all" or "y'all"
li - they (plural of 'lu')
onu or on - one
su - oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
Il, el, and ol are the simplified variants of ilu, elu, and olu. Olu/ol is used when something is inanimate or the gender can't be determined, such as with animals or babies. Using either is entirely your choice. Lu and li are used when gender of something is interchangeable, i.e. when a scenario calls for the phrase "he or she". Onu or on is used when the subject in reference is vague, such as in the phrase "you know what they say". And su is reflexive, such as in the phrase "he hurt himself".
Another pronoun also exists, which is "lo". Lo is used when you want to refer back to some previously mentioned concept, like "Pick up the apple. I want you to." The "to" in that phrase would be "lo".
There is also the zero pronoun, which is an absence of pronouns in impersonal expressions. "Pluvas" means "it is raining", but there is no pronoun because you already know what's raining. "It" is implied. Personal expressions, like "he runs", cannot lack a pronoun, because without "he" you can't create a full thought. Who is running? He? She? I? You?
Making these pronouns into possessive pronouns is astoundingly easy. Simply add an -a to the end of each one. The only pronoun where meaning might be tricky to gather is "sua", which translates to "his/her own".
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